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Abstract
Participation in The College Boards Advanced Placement Program has expanded greatly since its inception in the 1950s, where in 1955 there were 1,229 students that took Advanced Placement exams, compared to the 609,807 students that completed Advanced Placement exams in 2005 (Taliaferro & DeCuir-Gunby, 2008). Even with the growth of the Advanced Placement Program, Black high school students are enrolling in Advanced Placement classes at half the rate of White students (Klopfenstein, 2004a). This does not bode well for Black students and college admissions, as more colleges are using participation in the Advanced Placement Program as criteria for admission decisions (Geiser & Santelices, 2004; Klopfenstein, 2004a).The following manuscript-style dissertation reviews the educational history of Blacks as a backdrop for encouraging professional school counselors to use both the American School Counselor Associations National Model (2012), with the American Counseling Associations Advocacy Competencies (2003) as a vehicle to assist Black student in navigating the AP Program participation evaluations that are used in many college admissions offices. Research shows increased student achievement when the template for the American School Counselor Association National Model (2012) was implemented in schools (Carey, Harrington & Martin, B2012; Pyne, 2011). The goal of this study is to use the research to bring awareness to professional school counselors, so they will advocate for Black students who are not involved in the AP Program to have as many post-secondary options available to them as possible upon graduating from high school.