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Abstract
Various bacterial species use flagella as a form of locomotion. Bacterial species exhibit a range of flagellar patterns including peritrichous arrangement (many flagella scattered around the cell body) to polar arrangement (flagella occur only at the cell pole), and ranging in number from one flagellum to many. Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative bacterium of the subphylum Epsilonproteobacteria, has a lophotrichous flagellation pattern with multiple flagella at a single cell pole. Many studies on the structure of the flagellum, along with regulation of localization and number of flagella per cell have been in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. However, few studies exist on how a bacterium with a lophotrichous arrangement of flagella regulates the location and number of flagella. FlhF and FlhG are responsible for controlling localization and number of flagella, respectively, in various bacterial species. I generated and characterized ∆flhF and ∆flhG mutants in H. pylori, which revealed inherent differences in FlhF and FlhG of H. pylori compared to other bacteria. I additionally identified and deleted a gene directly downstream of flhFG that I designated as flhH. Characterization of a ∆flhH mutant in H. pylori showed FlhH had a role in motility that is still elusive. Whole genome sequencing of suppressors of the ∆flhF and ∆flhH mutants that led to enhanced motility identified novel genes that may have roles in flagellar biosynthesis, structure, or function. Finally, ultrastructural studies of the H. pylori flagellar motor revealed interesting new insights into motor stator location and novel motor embellishments not observed in other species.