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Abstract
Hyporheic exchange describes the movement of stream water entering and exiting shallow groundwater within streambed and valley sediments. Flow conditions, stream gradient, longitudinal bed variation, sinuosity, and sediment characteristics all affect the amount and rate of hyporheic exchange. Quantifying hyporheic fluxes in the field is difficult due to the number of variables involved and the inability to make observations at the subsurface level. In an attempt to quantify the lengths and durations of hyporheic flow paths in the field, we developed a low-head subsurface injection technique to deliver tracer directly into the streambed and monitored the location and timing of its appearance in the surface flow downstream. This design minimized the effects of injection upon the hyporheic flow field and was tested at several local streams differing in gradient, discharge, and substrate. This easy-to-use technique could be useful in clarifying how solutes move through the hyporheic zone.