Conserving bean genetic materials plays an important role in achieving global food safety and security through sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to collect and perform agronomic, morphologic, genetic, and nutraceutical characterization of Italian genotypes and Venetian landraces. Venetian and Italian bean landraces showed different nutraceutical compositions, plants and seeds morphological characteristics, and agronomical performance in different Venetian environments. These genotypes were grouped in two clusters linked to their domestication centers, Andean and Mesoamerican. Six genotypes with high-performance, good nutraceutical qualities, and seeds with characteristics of commercial interests were selected and evaluated under drought conditions. Therefore, this study has economic, cultural, and social importance through the maintenance of traditional genotypes from Italy.