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Abstract

It is sometimes assumed by cisgender speakers that that the genderqueer/nonbinary use of gender-neutral pronouns is a non-naturalistic imposition on language. This accords with general social attitudes that characterize transgender and nonbinary individuals' gender expressions as unnatural, deceptive, and aggressive. The dissertation tests this assumption by examining both the nonbinary intracommunity norms surrounding pronouns, through a usage survey, and the broader population's interaction with them, through a processing/production task.In the usage survey, singular they was far and away the most common, again reinforcing its dominance in English-speaking spaces. However, other neutral pronouns were also selected, and participants often used them for language play purposes as well as gender expression. Assertion, correction, and respect for pronouns varied heavily based on whether participants had a high or low degree of agency over the company they were keeping. In the processing and production task, familiarity with GQNB people and pronouns was found overall to correlate with the number of correct answers in the production of gender-neutral pronouns. It is possible that emotional and political affiliation with GQNB people provides motivation to acquire these forms. However, it did not impact processing. Singular they and animate it were as easy to process as binary-gendered pronouns, while neopronouns were more difficult to both process and produce. However, they were not as difficult as nonparadigmatic nonce pronouns, suggesting that the tendency for neopronouns to analogize existing pronoun paradigms helps make them easier to use. Overall, the textual history and pressures acting on gender-neutral pronouns conform to existing trajectories of pronoun change, suggesting that, while sometimes conscious, these changes are naturalistic. That cisgender speakers with GQNB friends and family can adopt these uses suggests that exposure can help adult speakers adopt the forms. Because the majority of participants have been adults during the span of time that this change has occurred, the adoption of the form supports the usage-based theory of language change.

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