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Abstract
The overexploitation of peat moss and increasing concerns about water usage have driven the search for sustainable alternatives in horticulture. Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced from pyrolyzed biomass, has emerged as a promising, low-cost substitute for peat-based substrates. Due to its high water-holding capacity and cation exchange capacity, biochar has the potential to enhance water use efficiency and mitigate salt stress when plants are under-irrigated or irrigated with saline water. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of biochar-amended substrates on plant growth and physiological responses under water-deficit and saline conditions. The findings may support the development of more sustainable horticultural practices by promoting water conservation and improving plant resilience to abiotic stress.