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Abstract
Ingria is a region no longer on any map, but rather a place in the hearts and minds of diasporic Ingrians and Ingrian-Finns, whose numbers have systematically dwindled from the time of Stalin's xenophobic purges beginning in the 1930s to the self-imposed exodus from their native soil beginning in the 1990s. The goal of this study is to prove that diminishing numbers in an opposing ethnocentric environment are predictive of language endangerment and negative identity attitudes, as loanwords from a dominant culture infiltrate a minority speech community. Conflicting religions and ideologies spanning the past century are analyzed as they affected the daily lives of the Ingrian and Ingrian-Finnish populations via Russian terminology, with special attention paid to internationalisms. Religio-linguistic differences between Orthodox and Lutheran Ingrians were significant enough to shape identity issues and language choice, resulting in the proposal here of a matrix depicting interactional combinations of religion, identity, language and ethnicity. Such a matrix may serve as a socio-linguistic tool for minority ethnic group application. Since modern cartographers have neither incentive nor opportunity to preserve the identity of original, non-Russian toponyms in the St. Petersburg area, a portion of this study addresses toponymic conversion in Ingria by political regimes, which has left rivers, towns, parks, lakes, streets, etc. of indigenous linguistic minorities and ethnic homelands within Russian borders difficult to identify with the naked eye. This study asserts that the cultural identity of an individual or community is closely linked to one's linguistic identity and postulates that ethnocentrically "russifying' the linguistic community has had a direct effect on the death of the Ingrian language and related Balto-Finnic dialects, and consequently, of Ingrian and Ingrian-Finnish culture. Analyzed as solid, documented evidence, lexicographic innovations also reveal increased loanword use. Loanword infiltration is discussed as a possible convergent trend with other economic and political corollaries engendering language endangerment, reflecting the changing socio-linguistic situations of minority Ingrian speech communities. Promulgating such a lexical-based investigation is helpful in illustrating how language death and the lack of will to maintain a collective cultural identity ultimately lead to irreversible decay, of which the minor Finno-Ugric languages are prime examples.