Soil compaction affects carbon and nitrogen dynamics, leading to increased air and water pollution and decreased NUE and crop yield. Therefore, a lysimeter study was conducted in Northeastern Italy comparing five cultivation systems: bare soil (BS), conventional practices (CV), conventional practices with cover crop (CC), conservation agriculture with shallow (0 – 25 cm, CA1), and deep (25 – 45 cm, CA2) compaction. Sorghum was cultivated in 2023, followed by ryegrass as a cover crop. Continuous measurements of CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions were collected using an automatic chamber system and an FTIR gas analyzer, while water percolation samples were analyzed for nitrate and ammonium. Compacted systems showed reduced yield and NUE. Cumulative CO2 emissions were highest under CV, while soils generally acted as a CH4 sink. Nitrous oxide emissions peaked during the two weeks after fertilization but were lower in compacted soils. Permanent soil coverage (CA1, CA2, and CC) reduced nitrate leaching.